3856 results for "*geneti*"

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• Whole exome sequencing of small cell neuroendocrine cancer of the cervix

  In order to improve treatment selection for high grade neuroendocrine carcinomas of the cervix (NECC), we performed a comparative genomic analysis between this rare tumor type and other cervical cancer types, as well as extra-cervical neuroendocrine small cell carcinomas of the lung and bladder. We performed whole exome sequencing on fresh-frozen tissue from 15 NECCs and matched normal tissue. We then identified mutations and copy number variants using standard analysis pipelines. Published mutation tables from cervical cancers and extra-cervical small cell carcinomas were used for comparative analysis. Descriptive statistical methods were used and a two-sided threshold of P < .05 was used for significance. In the NECC cohort, we detected a median of 1.7 somatic mutations per megabase (range 1.0-20.9). PIK3CA p.E545K mutations were the most frequency observed oncogenic mutation (4/15 tumors, 27%). Activating MAPK pathway mutations in KRAS (p.G12D) and GNAS (p.R201C) co-occurred in two tumors (13%). In total we identified PI3-kinase or MAPK pathway activating mutations in 67% of NECC. When compared to NECC, lung and bladder small cell carcinomas exhibited a statistically significant higher rate of coding mutations (P < .001 for lung; P = .001 for bladder). Mutation of TP53 was uncommon in NECC (13%) and was more frequent in both lung (103 of 110 tumors [94%], P < .001) and bladder (18 of 19 tumors [95%], P < .001) small cell carcinoma. These comparative genomics data suggest that NECC may be genetically more similar to common cervical cancer subtypes than to extra-cervical small cell neuroendocrine carcinomas of the lung and bladder. These results may have implications for the selection of cytotoxic and targeted therapy regimens for this rare disease.

  Study EGAS00001003142

• Evolutionary Origins of Recurrent Pancreatic Cancer

  Surgery is the only curative option for patients with Stage I/II pancreatic cancer, nonetheless most patients will recur after surgery and die of their disease. To identify novel opportunities for management of recurrent pancreatic cancer we performed whole exome or targeted sequencing of 10 resected primary cancers and their matched intrapancreatic recurrences or distant metastases. We identified that recurrent disease develops from a monophyletic or polyphyletic origin, and this distinction has potential clinical relevance. In all patients, treatment induced genetic bottlenecks led to a modified genetic landscape and subclonal heterogeneity for driver gene alterations in part due to intermetastatic seeding. In one patient what was believed to be recurrent disease was an independent (second) primary tumor. These findings strongly advocate for routine post-treatment sampling in the management of recurrent pancreatic cancer.

  Study EGAS00001004097

• Genomic profiling of paediatric glioma cell lines

  Although paediatric gliomas resemble their adult counterparts in many ways, there appear to be distinct clinical and biological differences. One important factor hampering the development of new targeted therapies is the relative lack of cell lines derived from childhood glioma patients, as it is unclear whether the well-established adult lines commonly used are representative of the underlying molecular genetics of childhood tumours. We have carried out a detailed molecular profiling of paediatric glioma cell lines KNS42, SF188, UW479, RES259 and RES186.

  Study EGAS00001003006

• A Genomics-Based Classification of Human Lung Tumors

  We characterized genome alterations in 1255 clinically annotated lung tumors of all histological subgroups to identify genetically defined and clinically relevant subtypes. More than 55% of all cases had at least one oncogenic genome alteration potentially amenable to specific therapeutic intervention, including several personalized treatment approaches that are already in clinical evaluation. Marked differences in the pattern of genomic alterations existed between and within histological subtypes, thus challenging the original histomorphological diagnosis. Immunohistochemical studies confirmed many of these reassigned subtypes. The reassignment eliminated almost all cases of large cell carcinomas, some of which had therapeutically relevant alterations. Prospective testing of our genomics-based diagnostic algorithm in 5145 lung cancer patients enabled a genome-based diagnosis in 3863 (75%) patients, confirmed the feasibility of rational reassignments of large cell lung cancer, and led to improvement in overall survival in patients with EGFR-mutant or ALK-rearranged cancers. Thus, our findings provide support for broad implementation of genome-based diagnosis of lung cancer.

  Study EGAS00001000647

• Reference Exome Data for a Northern Brazilian population

  Whole exome sequencing (WES) is a popular technology widely used in the diagnosis of rare genetic diseases and provides useful variant data for analysis of complex diseases. However, there is not always adequate population-specific reference data available to assist clinical geneticists in assigning a diagnostic variant to a specific clinical condition. Here we provide a catalogue of variants called after sequencing the exomes of 45 babies from the State of Rio Grande do Nord in Brazil. Sequence data were processed using an ‘intersect-then-combine’ (ITC) approach, using GATK and SAMtools to call variants. A total of 612,761 variants were identified in at least one individual in this Brazilian Cohort, including 559,448 single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and 53,313 insertion/deletions. Of these, 58,111 overlapped with nonsynonymous (nsSNVs) or splice site (ssSNVs) SNVs in dbNSFP. As an aid to clinical diagnosis of rare diseases, we used the American College of Medicine Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) guidelines to assign pathogenic/likely pathogenic status to 439 (0.755%) of the 58,111 nsSNVs and ssSNVs. Our data set provides a useful reference point for diagnosis of rare diseases in Brazil.

  Study EGAS00001004112

• Location specific ACVR1, FGFR1 and TP53 mutations in pediatric glioblastomas in conjunction with H3.3 K27M.

  Recurrent somatic H3 K27M mutations characterize midline pediatric high-grade astrocytomas (pHGAs). In 40 treatment-naïve midline pHGAs we find additional somatic mutations specific to tumor location. Gain-of-function mutations in ACVR1 occur in tumors of the pons in conjunction with H3.1K27M, while FGFR1 mutations/fusions occur in thalamic tumors in conjunction with H3.3 K27M. Genetic profiles of pHGA show actionable targets, suggesting that pre-treatment biopsy could effectively orient therapeutic efforts.

  Study EGAS00001000720

• Genomic profiling of esthesioneuroblastoma

  We performed whole exome and whole genome sequencing on a cohort of esthesioneurblastoma to understand the genetic underpinnings of this neoplasm.

  Study EGAS00001003225

• High-resolution analyses of human sperm dynamic methylome reveals thousands of novel age-related epigenetic alterations

  Age-dependent modifications of the germ cells epigenome remain poorly understood. Our objective was to assess the DNA methylation profile of human spermatozoa during aging. A cohort study was designed to investigate the effects of age and fertility status on sperm DNA methylation.

  Study EGAS00001004168

• Transcriptomic response of miRNAs of monocytes to bacterial and viral stimuli assessed by RNA-seq in Africans and Europeans

  Leveraging the miRNA transcriptome of 977 samples, the study aims to define the levels of miRNA and isomiR diversity across individuals and populations, explore the genetic sources of miRNA expression variability and miRNA-environment interactions, evaluate the effects of immune challenges upon miRNA and isomiR expression dynamics, and quantify the relative impact of transcription and miRNA-mediated degradation on gene expression variability.

  Study EGAS00001004192

• Whole Exome Sequencing of 60 tumor/normal matched liver Cancers (HCC)

  The French ICGC project on liver tumors is coordinated by Pr Jessica Zucman-Rossi and funded by Inca (French Institute for Cancer). The aim of the present project is to identify the catalog of somatic and germline mutations in liver tumors using whole genome (WGS) and whole exome sequencing (WGS), integrated with DNA methylation and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data. The present series corresponds to 60 whole exome tumor/normal pairs with matched RNA-seq. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for more than 90% of liver cancers, and is a major health problem. It is the 3rd cause of cancer-related mortality. Advances in genomic analyses have formed a comprehensive understanding of different underlying pathobiological layers resulting in hepatocarcinogenesis. Thus, the development of next-generation sequencing technologies has made it possible to generate more comprehensive catalogues of somatic alteration events (single nucleotide substitutions, structural variations, and epigenetic changes) in liver cancer genome than ever before.

  Study EGAS00001003063

• Native American gene flow into Polynesia predating Easter Island settlement

  The possibility of voyaging contact between prehistoric Polynesian and Native American populations has long intrigued researchers. Proponents have pointed to the existence of New World crops, such as the sweet potato and bottle gourd, in the Polynesian archaeological record, but nowhere else outside the pre-Columbian Americas while critics have argued that these botanical dispersals need not have been human mediated. The Norwegian explorer Thor Heyerdahl controversially suggested that prehistoric South American populations had an important role in the settlement of east Polynesia and particularly of Easter Island (Rapa Nui). Several limited molecular genetic studies have reached opposing conclusions, and the possibility continues to be as hotly contested today as it was when first suggested. Here we analyse genome-wide variation in individuals from islands across Polynesia for signs of Native American admixture, analysing 807 individuals from 17 island populations and 15 Pacific coast Native American groups. We find conclusive evidence for prehistoric contact of Polynesian individuals with Native American individuals (around AD 1200) contemporaneous with the settlement of remote Oceania. Our analyses suggest strongly that a single contact event occurred in eastern Polynesia, before the settlement of Rapa Nui, between Polynesian individuals and a Native American group most closely related to the indigenous inhabitants of present-day Colombia.

  Study EGAS00001004209

• Molecular Signature of Saudi Thyroid Cancer Using whole exome sequencing

  In Saudi Arabia, thyroid cancer ranked second only to breast cancer among females, eleventh among males and this increased incidence is prevalent in other Gulf Council Countries also. Differentiated thyroid cancer, which includes papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) and follicular subtypes, accounts for 90% of all thyroid malignancies. Currently, there are no clinical or molecular diagnostic tools to predict recurrence and aggressiveness of a subset of PTC. With the goal of better understanding the pathobiology of thyroid carcinogenesis we will use Whole Exome Sequencing to decipher the molecular and genetic signature of Saudi PTC based on International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) Guidelines. The study will provide a better understanding of PTC and should have important clinical implications in the development of new and better strategies for targeted therapeutic intervention for the treatment of Saudi Arabian PTC

  Study EGAS00001000680

• Genetic_mechanisms_of_resistance_to_chemotherapy_in_breast_cancer

  Resistance towards chemotherapy is one of the main causes of treatment failure and deathamong breast cancer patients.The main objective of this project is to identify genetic mechanisms causing some breastcancer patients not to respond to a particluar type of chemotherapy (epirubicin) while otherpatients respond very well to the same treatment.In the project we will perform genome / exome sequencing of a selection of breast cancerpatients (n=30). These patients are drawn from a cohort where all patients have recievedtreatment with epirubicin monotherapy before surgical removal of a locally advanced breasttumour, and where all patients have been subjected to objective evaluation of the response tothe therapy.Subsequent to sequencing, we will analyse the data and compare with the clinical data foreach patient (object response to therapy). The main aim being to identify mutations that areassociated with resistance to epirubicin.Identification of mutations with strong predictive value, may have a direct impact on cancertreatment since it opens the possibility for genetic testing of a tumour, and desicion on whichdrug is likely to work best, prior to treatment start.

  Study EGAS00001000276

• Breast_Cancer_Whole_Genome_Sequencing

  We propose to definitively characterise the somatic genetics of ER+ve, HER2-ve breast cancer through generation of comprehensive catalogues of somatic mutations in 500 cases by high coverage genome sequencing coupled with integrated transcriptomic and methylation analyses.

  Study EGAS00001000210

• The_Little_Princess_Knowledge_Bank_

  We propose to build a genetic knowledge bank of Wilms tumour that integrates clinical outcome data with a genetic, epigenetic, and transcriptomic survey of 1,000 Wilms tumours.

  Study EGAS00001004237

• RUNX1 mutated families show phenotype heterogeneity and a somatic mutation profile unique to germline predisposed AML

  We present the clinical phenotypes and genetic mutations detected in 10 novel RUNX1 mutated FPD-MM families. Genomic analyses on these families detected two partial gene deletions, three novel mutations and five recurrent mutations as the germline RUNX1 alterations leading to FPD-MM. On 15 individuals, across the 10 families, we performed additional whole exome or myeloid panel sequencing on blood or bone marrow to determine somatic mutations that co-exist with the germline RUNX1 mutation in tumour and pre-leukaemic states.

  Study EGAS00001004273

• Spatial_transcriptome_analysis_of_Paediatric_Thymus

  Cell atlas of Paediatric Thymus Cell atlas of Paediatric Thymus - The Human Cell Atlas initiative is an ambitious global research effort which aims to describe every cell in the human body across all developmental stages to generate a reference map to accelerate progress in science and medicine particularly relating to human development and disease. The initiative is led by investigators based at the Wellcome Sanger Institute and the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard and funding support from the Wellcome and NIH. We aim to interrogate the cellular composition and molecular regulators underpinning a cells identity through; genetic and genomic analysis, expression analysis, non-identifiable video imaging and cell line and organoid production, as well as, computational algorithms to predict cellular developmental trajectories and cell-cell interactions. We will subsequently validate these findings in situ using spatial genomic and imaging technologies e.g. immunohistochemistry, RNAscope, in situ sequencing and spatial transcriptomic analyses. This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/

  Study EGAS00001004281

• Triple_Negative_Breast_Cancer_RNA_Sequencing

  We propose to definitively characterise the somatic genetics of triple negative breast cancer through generation of comprehensive catalogues of somatic mutations in breast cancer cases by high coverage genome sequencing coupled with integrated transcriptomic and methylation analyses.

  Study EGAS00001000377

• Paroxysmal_neurological_Disorders

  We are sequencing the exomes of patients with paroxysmal neurological disorders mainly focusing on migraine and epilepsy. Cases are collected from performance sites of members of the International Headache Genetics consortium and EuroEPINOMICS. Most cases have a strong family history. The study sample will include both cases and controls.

  Study EGAS00001000386

• Low_coverage_whole_genome_sequencing_of_samples_from_the__Cretan_Greek_isolate_collection_HELIC_MANOLIS

  Whole-genome sequencing at 1x of samples from the Cretan Greek isolate collection HELIC-MANOLIS. Genome-wide association studies of complex traits have been successful in identifying common variant associations, but a substantial heritability gap remains. The field of complex trait genetics is shifting towards the study of low frequency and rare variants, which are hypothesised to have larger effects. The study of these variants can be empowered by focusing on isolated populations, in which rare variants may have increased in frequency and linkage disequilibrium tends to be extended. This work focuses on an isolated population from Crete, Greece. Sequencing is very efficient in isolated populations, because variants found in a few samples will be shared by others in extended haplotype contexts, supporting accurate imputation.

  Study EGAS00001000392

• Overrepresentation of genetic variation in the AnkyrinG interactome is related to a range of neurological disorders

  Upon the discovery of numerous genes involved in the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders, several studies showed that a significant proportion of these genes converge on common pathways and protein networks. Here, we used a reversed approach, by screening the well-characterized AnkyrinG protein-protein interaction network, implicated in a variety of neurodevelopmental disorders, for genetic variation in a large cohort of 1009 cases with neurodevelopmental disorder. We identified a significant enrichment of de novo potentially disease-causing variants in this network, confirming that this protein network plays an important role in the emergence of several neurodevelopmental disorders.

  Study EGAS00001004326

• Persistent STAG2 mutation in recurrent pediatric glioblastoma

  Similar to their adult counterparts, the prognosis for pediatric patients with high-grade gliomas remains poor. At time of recurrence, treatment options are limited and remain without consensus. This report describes the genetic findings, obtained from whole exome sequencing of a pediatric patient with glioblastoma who underwent multiple surgical resections and treatment with standard chemoradiation, as well as a novel recombinant poliovirus vaccine therapy. Strikingly, despite the variety of treatments, there was persistence of a tumor clone, characterized by a deleterious STAG2 mutation, whose deficiency in pre-clinical studies can cause aneuploidy and aberrant mitotic progression, but remains understudied in the clinical setting. There was near elimination of an EGFR mutated and amplified tumor clone after gross total resection, standard chemoradiation, and poliovirus therapy, followed by the emergence of a persistently STAG2 mutated clone, with rare mutations in PTPN11 and BRAF, the latter composed of a novel deleterious mutation previously not reported in pediatric glioblastoma (p.D594G). This was accompanied by a mutation signature shift towards one characterized by increased DNA damage repair defects, consistent with the known underlying STAG2 deficiency. As such, this case represents a novel report following the clinical and genetic progression of a STAG2 mutated glioblastoma, including treatment with a novel and emerging immunotherapy. Although STAG2 deficiency comprises only a small subset of gliomas, this case adds clinical evidence to existing pre-clinical data supporting a role for STAG2 mutations in tumor formation and resistance to standard therapies.

  Study EGAS00001004340

• BLUEPRINT Bisulfite-seq (CNAG)

  Bisulfite-Seq

  Study EGAS00001000418

• Prostate_Cancer_Whole_Genome_Validations

  We propose to definitively characterise the somatic genetics of Prostate cancer through generation of comprehensive catalogues of somatic mutations by high coverage genome sequencing. This study will aim to validate the findings of the whole genome study by re-sequencing regions of interest using a bespoke pulldown bait. See ICGC website for more information: http://icgc.org/icgc/cgp/70/508/71331

  Study EGAS00001000427

• Harnessing_transposons_for_drug_resistance_gene_discovery_in_cancer

  This study involves a forward genetic screen to identify common insertion sites in drug resistant clones. We will be utilising piggybac transposon systems in order to generate multiple drug resistant clones in a range of human cancer cell lines.

  Study EGAS00001000468