4776 results for "*oma"

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• Exome-sequencing of human B cell lymphoma cell lines

  26 cell lines derived from human Diffuse Large B Cell lymphomas (DLBCL) or Burkit Lymphomas (BL) were subjected to whole exome sequencing. Exome capture was carried out using the SeqCap EZ Exome Library 2.0 kit (Roche/Nimblegen) and 100 bp single-read sequencing was performed on a HiSeq2500 (Illumina). 82% of the coding region was covered at least 30x.

  Study EGAS00001001463

• MGA-NUTM1 fusion in high grade spindle cell sarcoma

  NUT carcinoma (NC) with mesenchymal differentiation have rarely been described in the literature. In this report, we describe the characterization of two cases of high grade spindle cell sarcoma harboring a novel MGA-NUTM1 fusion. Whole genome sequencing identified the presence of complex rearrangements resulting in a MGA-NUTM1 fusion gene in the absence of other significant somatic mutations. The fusion protein was predicted to retain nearly the entire protein sequence of both MGA (exons 1-22) and NUTM1 (exons 3-8). In contrast to typical cases of NC, these cases were successfully treated with aggressive local control measures (surgery and radiation) and both patients remain alive without disease. These cases describe a new subtype of NUTM1-rearranged tumors warranting expansion of diagnostic testing to evaluate for the presence of MGA-NUTM1 or alternative NUTM1 gene fusions in the diagnostic workup of high grade spindle cell sarcomas or small round blue cell tumors of ambiguous lineage.

  Study EGAS00001003341

• Ewings_Sarcoma_Rearrangement_Screen

  Cancer is driven by mutations in the genome. We will uncover the mutations that give rise to Ewing’s sarcoma, a bone tumour that largely affects children. We will use second generation Illumina massively parallel sequencing, and bespoke software, to characterise the genomes and transcriptomes of Ewings’ sarcoma tumours.

  Study EGAS00001000362

• 71 Whole-exome sequencing of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma on Chinese Patients

  Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the deadliest cancers worldwide. We performed 71 Whole-exome sequencing of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma on Chinese Patients.

  Study EGAS00001001475

• TERT rearrangements are frequent in neuroblastoma and identify aggressive tumors

  Whole genome sequencing detected structural rearrangements of TERT in 17/75 high stage neuroblastoma with 5 cases resulting from chromothripsis. Rearrangements were associated with increased TERT expression and targeted immediate up- and down-stream regions of TERT, placing in 7 cases a super-enhancer close to the breakpoints. TERT rearrangements (23%), ATRX deletions (11%) and MYCN amplifications (37%) identify three almost non-overlapping groups of high stage neuroblastoma, each associated with very poor prognosis. This submission contains all newly sequenced samples only.

  Study EGAS00001001479

• WGS and WES of pediatric osteosarcoma

  Despite being the most common childhood bone tumor, the genomic characterization of osteosarcoma remains incomplete. Very few metastatic cases have been sequenced to date, a required step to better understand the progression and evolution of this tumor. Here, we present an integrative analysis of whole genome and whole exome sequencing (WGS and WES) of a cohort of primary and metastatic pediatric osteosarcoma, in order to identify recurrent genomic alterations between and within patients.

  Study EGAS00001003342

• Evolutionary dynamics of residual disease in human glioblastoma

  Glioblastoma is the most common and aggressive adult brain malignancy against which conventional surgery and chemoradiation provide limited benefit. Even when a good treatment response is obtained, recurrence inevitably occurs either locally (c.80%) or distally (c.20%), driven by cancer clones that are often genomically distinct from those in the primary tumour. Glioblastoma cells display a characteristic infiltrative phenotype, invading the surrounding tissue and often spreading across the whole brain. We hypothesised that cancer cells responsible for relapse reside in two compartments of residual disease that are left behind after treatment: the infiltrated normal brain parenchyma, and the sub-ventricular zone (SVZ). In this model, residual disease subclones diverge early during glioblastoma evolution, may remain dormant in the normal parenchyma and are responsible for recurrence. To test our hypothesis, we performed whole-exome sequencing of 69 multi- region samples collected using fluorescence-guided resection from 11 patients, including the infiltrating tumour margin (M) and the SVZ for each patient, as well as matched blood. We used a phylogenomic approach to dissect the spatio-temporal evolution of each tumour and unveil the relation between residual disease and the main tumour mass. We also analysed two patients with paired primary-recurrence samples with matched residual disease. Our results suggest that the infiltrative phenotype is an early evolutionary trait of glioblastoma, giving rise to the tumour mass detected at surgery. After treatment, the same infiltrative clone may seed the growth of a recurrent tumour, thus representing the ‘missing link’ between the primary tumour and recurrent disease. These results are consistent with recognised clinical phenotypic behaviour and suggest that more specific therapeutic targeting of cells in the infiltrated brain parenchyma may improve patient’s outcome.

  Study EGAS00001003043

• RNA_expression_profiling_of_melanoma_patient_derived_xenograft

  Patient-derived xenografts (n=96) were derived from metastatic melanoma patients. RNA expression profiling will be preformed to study 1. HLA-typing and 2. the effect of the tumour microenvironment on tumour growthThis data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/

  Study EGAS00001001537

• Exome sequencing of a novel cervical cancer cell line

  Human cancer cell lines are largely used in the searching for new antineoplastic agents. However, due to the artifacts of a long-term in culture, cell lines do not always represent the realistic tumor cell behavior. This has motivated the development of models that better mimetics the tumor tissue, among them, the establishment of primary cell cultures. In this work, we establish and characterized a low-passage cervix cancer cell line from a Brazilian patient with squamous cell carcinoma. The phenotype confirms the epithelial and tumor origin, through cytokeratins, EpCAM, and p16 staining. Whole exome sequencing showed relevant somatic mutations in several genes including BRCA2, TGFBR1, and IRX2 genes. CNV analysis by nanostring and WGS revealed amplification in genes related mainly with kinases proteins, involved in proliferation, migration and cell differentiation, such as EGFR, PIK3CA, and MAPK7. Overexpression of EGFR was confirmed by phospho RTK-array and western blot analysis. Furthermore, the cell was sensitivity to cisplatin, with IC50 13 times lower than SiHa cell line. In conclusion, this cervical cancer cell line presents molecular alterations that are an important tool for leading pre-clinical studies of new drugs that target one or more of the altered pathways.

  Study EGAS00001003343

• Genomic analysis reveals novel secondary drivers and progression pathways in skin basal cell carcinoma

  Basal cell carcinoma of the skin (BCC) is the most common malignant neoplasm in humans. BCC is primarily driven by the aberrant activation of the Sonic Hedgehog (Hh) pathway. However, its extensive phenotypical variation remains to be explained. The genetic profiling of 293 BCCs revealed the highest mutation rate observed in cancer (65 Mutations/Mb), with strong prevalence of UV-light signature mutations. 85% of BCCs harbored mutations in Hh pathway genes: mutually exclusive PTCH1 (73%) and SMO (20%) (P=6.6x10-8), SUFU (8%), and in TP53 (61%). 85% of BCCs also harbored secondary driver mutations in other genes implicated in BCC tumorigenesis. Recurrent secondary driver mutations were observed in MYCN (30%), PPP6C (15%), STK19 (10%), LATS1 (8%), ERBB2 (4%), PIK3CA (2%), RAC1 (1%) and N/K/H-RAS (2%). Loss of function (LoF) and deleterious missense mutations were observed in PTPN14 (23%), RB1 (8%) and FBXW7 (5%). In line with the mutational profiles detected by RNAseq, we observed activation of the Hh pathway as well as upregulation of target genes of the Hippo-YAP pathway and activation of MYCN target genes. The functional analysis of the novel tumorigenic driver mutations in MYCN, PTPN14 and LATS1 demonstrates their relevance in BCC tumorigenesis and provides an expanded molecular understanding of BCC.

  Study EGAS00001001540

• Whole genome sequencing and whole exome sequencing of DIPG tumors and matched normal tissue

  Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma (DIPG) is a fatal brain cancer that arises in the brainstem of children with no effective treatment. To understand what drives DIPGs we integrated whole-genome-sequencing with methylation, expression and copy-number profiling.

  Study EGAS00001000575

• The spatial organization of intratumor heterogeneity andevolutionary trajectories of metastases in hepatocellular carcinoma

  Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has one of the poorest survival amongst cancers. Using multi-regional sampling of nine resected HCC with different etiologies, we find that phylogenetic relationships of these sectors show diverse levels of genetic sharing spanning early to late diversification. Unlike the variegated pattern found in colorectal cancers, a large proportion of HCC display a clear Isolation-By-Distance pattern where spatially closer sectors are genetically more similar. Two resected intra-hepatic metastases showed genetic divergence occurring before and after primary tumor diversification respectively. Interestingly, metastatic tumors had much higher variability than their primary tumors, suggesting that intra-hepatic metastasis is accompanied by rapid diversification at the distant location. The presence of co-existing mutations offers the possibility of drug repositioning for HCC treatment. Taken together, these insights into intra-tumor heterogeneity allow for a comprehensive understanding of the evolutionary trajectories of HCC and suggest novel avenues for personalized therapy.

  Study EGAS00001001603

• Whole genome sequence and RNA-seq data from paired tumour and germline samples from mesothelioma patients.

  Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) has a poor overall survival with few treatment options. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) combined with RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis of the immune features of MPM offers the prospect of identifying changes that could inform future clinical trials. We analysed somatic mutation and RNA-seq data from 229 MPM samples, including 58 MPM samples that had undergone WGS from our own institutions, together with other published data. This combined analysis identified somatic driver genes, including newly identified candidate genes. Whole genome doubling was a frequent event that correlated with shorter survival. Mutational signature analysis revealed dominant signatures and showed that defects in homologous recombination repair were infrequent in our cohort. Within the tumour immune environment we identified high M2 macrophage infiltrate linked with MMP2, MMP14, TGFB1 and CCL2 expression, representing an immunosuppressive environment. A small subset of samples had a higher proportion of CD8 T cells and a high cytolytic score, suggesting a ‘hot’ immune environment which is independent of the somatic mutations. We propose that our findings on genomic changes and subtypes of immune microenvironments may influence therapeutic planning in the future.

  Study EGAS00001005196

• Angiosarcoma_follow_up_2_validation_study

  A bespoke targeted pulldown experiment will be performed on patients with Angiosarcoma. the resulting products will be sequenced to determine the prevalence of previously found mutations in these patients.

  Study EGAS00001000518

• Integrative_Oncogenomics_of_Multiple_Myeloma

  Agilent whole exome hybridisation capture will be performed on genomic DNA derived from Multiple Myeloma patient DNA and matched normal DNA from the same patients. Two lanes of Illumina GA sequencing will be performed on the resulting exome libraries and mapped to build 37 of the human reference genome to facilitate the identification of novel cancer genes.

  Study EGAS00001000036

• Genomic Profiling of Thyroid Cancer Reveals a Role for Thyroglobulin in Metastasis -Part II

  Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) has a wide geographic variation in incidence, being highest in Saudi Arabia where it is only second to breast cancer as the most common cancer among females. Genomic profiling of PTC from Saudi Arabia has not been attempted previously. We performed whole-exome sequencing of 101 PTC samples and the corresponding genomic DNA to identify genes with recurrent somatic mutations, followed by sequencing of these genes using a next-generation gene panel approach in further 785 samples. In addition to BRAF, N-RAS and H-RAS, which have previously been shown to be recurrently mutated in PTC, our analysis highlights additional genes, including thyroglobulin (TG), which harbored somatic mutations in 3% of the entire cohort. Surprisingly, although TG mutations were not exclusive to mutations in the RAS-MAP kinase pathway, their presence was associated with a significantly worse clinical outcome, which suggests a pathogenic role beyond driving initial oncogenesis. Analysis of metastatic PTC tissue revealed significant enrichment for TG mutations (p<0.001), including events of apparent clonal expansion. Our results suggest a previously unknown role of TG somatic mutations in the pathogenesis of PTC and its malignant evolution.

  Study EGAS00001003357

• Coverage bias and sensitivity of variant calling for four whole-genome sequencing technologies

  Massively parallel sequencing has revolutionized research in cancer genetics and genomics and enhanced our understanding of natural human genetic variation. Recently, Lam et al. have performed a detailed comparison of two next-generation sequencing technologies with respect to their sensitivity to call single nucleotide variants (SNV) and indels. Here, we sequenced two tumor/normal pairs obtained from two paedriatic medulloblastoma patients with Life Technologies’ SOLiD 4 and 5500xl SOLiD, Illumina’s HiSeq2000, and Complete Genomics’ technology. We then compared their ability to call SNVs with high confidence. As gold standard for SNV calling, we used genotypes determined by an Affymetrix SNP array. Additionally, we performed a detailed analysis of how evenly each technology covers the genome and how the reads are distributed across functional genomic regions. Finally, we studied how a combination of data from different technologies might help to overcome the limitations in SNV calling by any of the four technologies alone.

  Study EGAS00001000274

• Analysis_of_resistance_to_PLX4032

  We have collected material from a patient who had BrafV600E mutant melanoma that wastreated with PLX4032. We have germline DNA from the patient and DNA and RNA fromdistinct lesions before and after treatment with PLX4032. We would like to exome sequencethese samples to gain a snap shot of the mechanisms of resistance that are operative.

  Study EGAS00001000415

• Chordoma_Targeted_Sequencing_Study

  This Study uses a focused bespoke bait pull down library method to target findings of Chordoma whole genome and whole exome sequencing studies in order to validate findings. This method will also be used on a larger set of tumour only samples in order to find precedence of these findings in a larger set of patient samples.

  Study EGAS00001000280

• Balanced_Brain_Tumour_Whole_Genome_Sequencing

  We propose to definitively characterise the somatic genetics of a number of pediatric malignant tumours including ependymoma, high grade glioma and central nervous system primitive neurectodermal tumours through generation of comprehensive catalogues of somatic mutations by high coverage genome sequencing.

  Study EGAS00001000360

• Small molecule inhibitors of LOXL synergize with 5-AZA to restore erythropoiesis in myeloid neoplasms

  Objectives: Bone marrow (BM) stroma and microenvironmental factors in the BM milieu of myeloid neoplasms are increasingly being recognized as novel perspective therapeutic targets. Lysyl oxidases (LOX/LOXL) are crucial enzymes that cross-link collagen and contribute to the deposition of aberrant stiff extracellular matrix (ECM) in the BM of patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN). Here, we studied whether inhibition of LOX/LOXL enzymes produced by BM-derived MSCs favors the differentiation of MDS/MPN hematopoietic stem cell and progenitor cells (HPSCs) and enhances the effects of 5-azacytidine (5-AZA). Methods: Primary co-cultures of MSCs and HPSCs were established from n=31 MDS/MPN patients and treated with the pan-LOX/LOXL inhibitor PXS-5505, 5-AZA or the combination of both for 4 days. At the end of co-culture, HSPC differentiation was assessed by CFU assays and flow cytometry. In some of the experiments, MSCs monolayers were pre-treated or not with PXS-5505 for 6 days and decellularized using 20 mM ammonia. Subsequently, autologous HSPCs were cultured on ECM matrices in the presence of 5-AZA or PXS-5505 + 5-AZA combination with or without inhibitors of integrin signaling such as blebbistatin, Y-27632 and αvβ3-integrin blocking antibodies. Patient-derived xenografts (PDX) were established in NSG mice based on intrafemoral co-injection of HSPCs and autologous MSCs. PDX were treated with 3 cycles of 5-AZA (75 mg/m2), PXS-5505 (30 mg/kg on alternate days for the duration of 5-AZA treatment) or combination of both. Results: MSCs of MDS and MPN patients displayed significant overexpression of LOX/LOXL transcripts as compared to healthy age-matched controls. Remarkably, LOX/LOXL inhibition in MSCs/HSPCs co-cultures increased erythroid differentiation of patient HSPCs that had suboptimal or no response to 5-AZA alone. From a total of n=31 advanced stage MDS/MPN patients, n=11 (35.5%) responded to the combination treatment, which was evidenced by a significant increase of CD235a+CD45- erythroid cell production compared to 5-AZA/PXS/untreated arms (p<0.05). Of note, combination treatment with 5-AZA + PXS-5505 facilitated differentiation of CD235+ erythroid progenitors from HSPCs sub-clones with low mutational VAFs. The presence of MSCs was necessary for the effects of the combination treatment and required direct cell contacts between MSCs and HSPCs. Moreover, PXS-5505-mediated alterations of the ECM composition alone were sufficient to induce erythroid differentiation. Inhibition of integrin-mediated signaling using blebbistatin, Y-27632 and αvβ3-integrin antibodies completely abrogated the effects of PXS-5505 induced erythroid differentiation. In vivo, the combination of PXS-5505 + 5-AZA favored erythroid differentiation of HSPCs and confirmed the in-vitro results. The combination treatment of 5-AZA + PXS-5505 induced the greatest reduction of disease burden as assessed by decrease of spleen indexes, total engraftment rates, BM fibrosis and mutational VAF profiles. Conclusions: The combination of 5-AZA + LOX/LOXL inhibitor PXS-5505 in MDS and MPN synergistically restores erythropoietic differentiation of primary HSPCs. The effect is dependent of contact interaction between HSPCs and niche components, such as MSCs and MSCs-derived ECM. Our data propose a strong rationale for a BM niche targeted combination treatment with 5-AZA + PXS-5505 in transfusion dependent MDS and MPN, which will be assessed in forthcoming clinical trials.

  Study EGAS00001006174

• Integrated genomic analyses identify ARID1A and ARID1B alterations in the childhood cancer neuroblastoma

  Neuroblastomas are tumors of peripheral sympathetic neurons and are the most common solid tumor in children. To determine the genetic basis for neuroblastoma we performed whole-genome sequencing (6 cases), exome sequencing (16 cases), genome-wide rearrangement analyses (32 cases), and targeted analyses of specific genomic loci (40 cases) using massively parallel sequencing. On average each tumor had 19 somatic alterations in coding genes (range, 3-70). Among genes not previously known to be involved in neuroblastoma, chromosomal deletions and sequence alterations of chromatin remodeling genes, ARID1A and ARID1B, were identified in 8 of 71 tumors (11%) and were associated with early treatment failure and decreased survival. Using tumor-specific structural alterations, we developed an approach to identify rearranged DNA fragments in sera, providing personalized biomarkers for minimal residual disease detection and monitoring. These results highlight dysregulation of chromatin remodeling in pediatric tumorigenesis and provide new approaches for the management of neuroblastoma patients.Data Provider: Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC)

  Study EGAS00001000369

• Genome-wide mutation analysis of germinal-center B-cell derived lymphomas within the ICGC MMML-Seq Consortium

  Germinal-center B-cell derived lymphomas (GCB-lymphomas) are the most common B-cell lymphomas in children and adults, with Burkitt Lymphomas (BL) predominating in childhood and follicular lymphoma (FL) and diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCL) predominating in older age groups. The cell-of-origin in all these lymphomas is supposed to be a germinal center B-cell and transformation of FL in DLBCL or intermediate DLBCL/BL (intL) can occur. In the framework of the German ICGC MMML-Seq we are currently exploring sequencing data of GCB-lymphomas and paired normal controls as well as normal B-cell subsets separated by FACS. This includes whole genome, transcriptome, miRNAome and whole methylome datasets.

  Study EGAS00001000394

• Chordoma_Sequencing_Project_RNAseq

  This is a continuation of the Chordoma Sequencing Project. All cancers arise due to somatically acquired abnormalities in DNA sequence. Systematic sequencing of cancer genomes allows acquisition of complete catalogues of all classes of somatic mutation present in cancer. These mutation catalogues will allow identification of the somatically mutated cancer genes that are operative and characterise patterns of somatic mutation that may reflect previous exogenous and endogenous mutagenic exposures. In this application, we aim to perform whole genome sequencing on 10 chordoma matched genome pairs. RNA Sequencing/Methylation and SNP6 and an additional sequencing of three cancer cell lines will be added to this work.

  Study EGAS00001000410

• Whole genome and transcriptome analysis of a sporadic and recurring parathyroid carcinoma

  Parathyroid carcinoma is an extremely rare endocrine malignancy with an estimated incidence of less than 1 per million population. Excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone, extremely high serum calcium level and the deleterious effects of hypercalcemia are the clinical manifestations of the disease. Up to 60% of patients develop multiple disease recurrences and although long-term survival is possible with palliative surgery, permanent remission is rarely achieved. Molecular drivers of sporadic parathyroid carcinoma have remained largely unknown. Previous studies, mostly based on familial cases of the disease, suggested a potential role for the tumor suppressor MEN1 and proto-oncogene RET in benign parathyroid tumorigenesis while the tumor suppressor HRPT2 and proto-oncogene CCND1 may also act as drivers in parathyroid cancer. Here, we report the complete genomic analysis of a sporadic and recurring parathyroid carcinoma. Mutational landscapes of the primary and recurrent tumor specimens were analyzed using high throughput sequencing technologies. Such molecular profiling allowed for identification of somatic mutations never previously identified in this malignancy. These included single nucleotide point mutations in well characterized cancer genes such as mTOR, MLL2, CDKN2C and PIK3CA. Comparison of acquired mutations in patient-matched primary and recurrent tumors revealed loss of PIK3CA activating mutation during the evolution of the tumor from the primary to the recurrence. Structural variations leading to gene fusions and regions of copy loss and gain were identified at a single-base resolution. Loss of short arm of chromosome 1 along with somatic mis-sense and truncating mutations in CDKN2C and THRAP3, respectively, provide new evidence for the potential role of these genes as tumor suppressors in parathyroid cancer. The key somatic mutations indentified in this study can serve as novel diagnostic markers as well as therapeutic targets.

  Study EGAS00001000484